https://www.pharmascigroup.us/journals/open-journal-of-pharmacology-and-pharmacotherapeutics A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 22 Jan, 2026 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-11-128.php Background: In 2001, powdered spores of Bacillus anthracis were used for bioterrorism attacks in several U.S. cities. In response, the U.S. government implemented a strategic national stockpile strategy and experimented with household antibiotic kits (HAKs) for emergency use. However, regulatory approval for public distribution of HAKs was not implemented due to concerns about misuse and potential adverse health effects. Objective: This study assessed comprehension of key HAK labeling messages, including indication, dosage, contraindications, warnings, and overall safe use of HAK contents among the general population and first responders. The influence of literacy and socio-economic variables on comprehension of the labels was also evaluated. Study design: This prospective, open-label, cross-sectional pilot study assessed the comprehension of key HAK labeling messages through one-on-one interviews using a pre-tested questionnaire. Adults from the general population and first responders in Maryland were recruited for the study; highly trained health professionals such as doctors, pharmacists, and nurses were excluded. Participants’ health literacy was stratified using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) tool. Results: At least 80% of participants from the general population, and a higher proportion of first responders, correctly answered 80% or more of the pre-tested questionnaire. Participants with a REALM-equivalent literacy level of 7th grade or above demonstrated significantly higher comprehension across all categories of HAK labeling, while a literacy level of 6th grade or below was a strong predictor of inadequate comprehension. Conclusion: Comprehension levels of 80% or higher for correct HAK use are comparable to or exceed those for standard prescription medications, supporting its potential approval for public distribution as an anthrax preparedness measure. However, observed lower comprehension of rates in those with a REALM score sixth grade or below emphasizes the need for further improvement for HAK labeling and additional interventions to ensure safe and effective use across all demographics. 23 Sep, 2025 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-10-127.php Metabolism of xenobiotics can be influenced by a number of factors, among which hyperglycaemia caused by the insufficiency of the glucose metabolism (e.g., diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, resistance) should be emphasized. Not only the pathological condition, but the compounds administered as treatment can alter the metabolic profile of certain pharmacons. While the rapid-acting insulin exerts its effect mainly with the acute change of the blood glucose level, the prolonged-acting insulin affects in a more complex way. Because of its simple and well-characterised metabolic profile, the p-nitrophenol (PNP) is a model compound for the investigation of conjugative (glucuronidation and sulfation) transformations. An in vivo experimental study was evaluated to determine the quantities of the forming p – p-nitrophenyl-glucuronide (PNP-G) and p-nitrophenol-sulfate (PNP-S) conjugates in small intestinal perfusate and bile samples in physiologic condition, in experimental diabetes (streptozotocine (STZ) induced), and in compensated diabetes with prolonged–acting insulin. In these investigations, the formed metabolic profile was influenced by the individual effect of the administered insulin. 01 Jul, 2025 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-10-126.php Objective: This systematic review aims to critically evaluate existing human epidemiological and intervention studies investigating the potential protective effects of cocoa flavanols against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases, covering the period of the last 15 years. Keywords used included “cocoa,” “flavan-3-ols,” “type 2 diabetes,” “interventional studies,” and “epidemiological studies.” Inclusion criteria involved original research articles examining cocoa flavanol intake and its effects on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, endothelial function, and oxidative stress biomarkers in humans. Exclusion criteria included non-human studies, reviews, and studies lacking defined outcomes, and articles without clearly defined outcomes were excluded. PRISMA guidelines were followed for the review protocol. Main findings: Eighteen studies were included: eight epidemiological and ten intervention studies. Epidemiological studies generally demonstrated an inverse association between moderate, regular cocoa consumption and risk of developing T2DM, particularly evident in populations with normal weight and healthy lifestyle practices. Intervention studies yielded mixed results: improvements in insulin sensitivity, endothelial function, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress were observed in some studies, especially with chronic, high-dose cocoa flavanol intake. However, other studies reported no significant effects, possibly due to methodological heterogeneity, short durations, and variability in flavanol dosages. Conclusion: Although evidence from human studies suggests cocoa flavanols may have beneficial effects in managing or preventing T2DM, findings are not entirely consistent across studies. Well-controlled, long-term clinical trials with standardized flavanol dosages and clearly defined populations are necessary to firmly establish the clinical utility of cocoa flavanols for diabetes prevention or management. 16 Jul, 2024 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-9-125.php Case report of a patient taking Baclofen regularly. When he developed kidney failure, Baclofen toxicity, as manifested by a gradual onset of delirium, developed. Only after dialysis was started, and improvement of his delirium occurred following dialysis led to a search of possible dialyzable medicines and Baclofin was found in his home medicines he regularly took. Baclofen neurotoxicity in dialysis patients is regularly recognized, but this seems to be the first report of a patient chronically on Baclofen developing neurotoxicity when renal failure developed. 06 Mar, 2024 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-9-123.php Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is an effective treatment of actinic keratosis. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA) and Methyl Aminolevulinate (MAL) are commonly applied. However, there is a need to establish the quality of life after PDT treatment and potential conversion to squamous cell carcinomas. The objectives of the review were to compare the efficiency of PDT, the long-term reoccurrence, and cosmesis in actinic keratosis patients. Relevant studies from the year 2000 onwards involving PDT in comparison to Cryotherapy (CT) and chemical peels were collated using a combination of terms and keywords. Conflicting results were obtained when analysing PDT in comparison to CT. A conclusion could not be deducted as to whether PDT was more, less, or equivalently effective to CT However, results obtained indicated that PDT was of greater benefit in comparison to chemical peels. Additionally, in all the studies, a conclusion was made that PDT was far superior in cosmesis in comparison to conventional therapies. 23 Aug, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-7-121.php Monoterpenes with p-menthane structure (perillyl series) can inhibit Ras-proteins prenylation involved in carcinogenesis processes. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of perillyl alcohol (POH) and limonene to treat any type of human cancer, we conducted a systematic review of clinical studies found in seven biomedical bibliographic databases and four clinical trial registries. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts for inclusion/exclusion criteria, one study on limonene (oral) and 19 on POH administered by oral (13), dermal (2), or intranasal-instillation routes (4), comprising phase I or I/II trials, were included in the review. The quality of included studies was assessed as well. No randomized and controlled phase-III trial was performed or is in progress. A critical appraisal of study results suggested that both compounds are safe after oral ingestion, dermal application, or nasal instillation. Overall, phase II studies showed no evidence of anticancer activity. Nasal instillation of POH, however, apparently prolonged the overall survival of patients with glioblastoma. Randomized and controlled (phase III) clinical studies are necessary to confirm these findings. 19 Jul, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-7-120.php Objective: This study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of Salvia cabulica ethanolic extract on alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Method: During the plant’s extraction, the dried plant was soaked in ethanol for 14 days at room temperature and filtered. The dark green gummy filtrate was obtained by using a rotary evaporator at 40oC. Rabbits with fasting glucose levels of more than 250 mg/dL were considered diabetic. These rabbits were treated with aqueous plant extract in different doses (250 mg and 500 mg) respectively. Results: The fasting blood glucose level (BGL) mean was 293 ± 25.65 in diabetic control group D-I compared to the normal control group A 99 ± 6.16 after the 48 hours of diabetes induction. The fasting blood glucose level (BGL) in group D-II was 192 ± 17.06, group D-III 93.515.95and group D-IV was 89.33 ± 7.79. There was a significant decrease in blood glucose among the group III and IV treated with plant extract at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively Conclusion: The plant Salvia cabulica has potential hypoglycemic activity. Therefore, the medicinal plant can be used as a folklore herbal drug in the treatment of diabetes locally. 13 Jan, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-7-119.php Controlled release of anticancer drug 5-Fluorouracil by several delivery systems are known including porous polymeric materials. Herein we report a novel L-lysine based porous polyesterurethane material 1 which acts as a controlled release vehicle for 5-Fluorouracil. Polyesterurethane material 1 was synthesized from a green isocyanate and phosgene free synthetic route involving conversion of epoxide 2-(phenoxymethyl)oxirane and CO2 to cyclic carbonate 2 followed by ring opening with an amino acid L-Lysine to a bishydroxy compound 3 under green aqueous reaction condition. The bishydroxy compound 3 was subsequently reacted with 0.66 equivalent of trimesyl chloride in presence of triethyl amine to get the polyesterurethane material 1. The polyesterurethane material 1 was characterized via NMR, IR and MALDI analysis. From the SEM image of the polyesterurethane 1 and 5-Fluorouracil encapsulated polyesterurethane 1 it is evident that material 1 remain with porous topology which is filled by 5-Fluorouracil that is further evidenced by EDX spectroscopy with the presence of Fluorine. The controlled release of 5-Fluorouracil from the drug encapsulated 1 was monitored via UV visible spectroscopy at pH 7.4. 02 Sep, 2021 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-6-118.php Mucormycosis, commonly known as black fungus, is a rare but serious fungal infection caused by a fungus called Mucormycete, which is abundant in the environment. It mainly affects people with preexisting diseases or people taking medications that reduce the body’s ability to fight infections and disease. It is detected relatively frequently in COVID19 patients in several states of India. The disease usually manifests on the skin and also affects the lungs and brain. People who are suffering from COVID- 19 and who are in recovery stage have a poor immunity and take the prevalence of disease higher and hence the immune system won’t develop sufficient antibodies to fight against them. People hospitalized with severe COVID19 illness who were prescribed with steroids to reduce the infection. Steroids work by reducing inflammation in the lungs and reducing the body’s immune response to prevent it from attacking healthy cells in the body, resulting in a decreased ability to monitor immune responses. These patients are very sensitive to the effects of Mucormycete. This infection will not spread from person to person. This infection starts first in the nose and spreads to the eyes, then to the lungs and brain. This black fungus is now seen more frequently in post COVID19 Patients in India specifically. The present review is based over the ayurvedic treatment under AYUSH used for the black fungus infection. 01 Jul, 2021 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-6-117.php Background: Anisakis food poisoning is characterized by the onset of severe intestinal and stomach pain caused by eating raw or undercooked seafood that harbors the larvae of an anisakid nematode such as Anisakis simplex. Although there is currently no effective drug to kill anisakid nematodes, it has been reported that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as the over-the-counter medicine ‘Seirogan’ strongly suppress the nematode’s motility. Methods: One pill of Seirogan was dissolved in 0.01 M HCl (5 mL or 10 mL), and nematodes were exposed to these test solutions for 30 min. To determine whether the nematodes treated with the Seirogan solutions remained alive or not, the nematodes were exposed to trypan blue solution (widely used for the selective staining of dead tissues). Results: Most (91.7%) of nematodes whose motility had been prevented by Seirogan treatment (1 pill/10 mL) were stained by trypan blue at 24 h after a 30-min treatment with Seirogan. The majority (83.3%) of Seirogan (1 pill/10 mL)-treated nematodes began to be digested by pepsin treatment within 24 h, whereas all living nematodes not treated with Seirogan remained actively moving despite pepsin treatment. When the posterior 4/5 of a nematode was dipped in Seirogan test solution (1 pill/10 mL), only the dipped portion stopped moving. Conclusion: A widely available OTC intestinal medicine ‘Seirogan’ kills Anisakis larvae at its normal dose, and the killed nematodes are probably degested in the gastric juice. Seirogan components that are effective for killing nematodes may be absorbed from the nematodes’ body surface. 11 May, 2021 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-6-116.php Background: The prevalence of depression is highest amongst the mood disorders. Nearly one third of the patients suffer from major depression, characterized by increased rate of relapse, residual symptoms and impairment of functionality, along with increased tendency for suicide related behaviour. Therefore, it’s very important to acquire and explore in depth knowledge into the etiological aspect of the depression and complementing it with testing of potential newer anti-depression agents. Methods: Evaluation for anti-depressant effect was done in through Tail Suspension Test and Forced Swim Test. Normal saline (control), citalopram, ketamine, and combination of ketamine with citalopram were tested in the 8 groups of mice. Each group comprised of 6 mice. Results: In the TST, on comparison with the control group, the groups treated with citalopram, ketamine and their combination demonstrated a significant (p <0>0.05) decrease in the immobility time as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist has anti-depressant effect as evident in both TST & FST models. ketamine or its combination with citalopram was superior to citalopram alone. Not only it has antidepressant effect of its own, it also potentiates the antidepressant effect of citalopram. 11 Feb, 2021 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-6-115.php Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic with wide spectrum of activity against Gram-negative, Gram-positive and anerobic organisms. It has greatest utility in the treatment of children hospitalized with serious bacterial infections. The adverse effects on the liver usually range from asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes to fulminant hepatitis. Ciprofloxacin has also been linked to rare cases of cholestatic jaundice that usually arises after 1 to 3 weeks of therapy. Most cases are mild and self-limited, but at least one instance of vanishing bile duct syndrome related to Ciprofloxacin therapy has been published. We report a case of cholestasis in neonate of gestational age 35 weeks who had septicaemia and received ciprofloxacin for 8 days. This infant developed cholestasis and deranged liver transaminases several days after the discontinuation of therapy with ciprofloxacin. 30 May, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-5-114.php Inhalation therapy involves two types of adherence: adherence to the drug and adherence to the procedures for the inhalation device. Recent increases in the range of inhaled medications available have expanded treatment options, while simultaneously resulting in more complicated treatments for patients due to the increasing diversity of inhalation devices. Patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are required to not only take the agent at the indicated dosage, but also use the inhaler device in the proper manner with correct procedures. This review presents eight key points for training patients with asthma and COPD in effective inhaler technique. These points can help to ensure a good balance of adherence to both the medication and the inhalation device, and thereby maintain disease control in clinical settings. 16 May, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-5-113.php Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder affecting approximately 0.5-1% [1] of the general population. It is characterized by inflammation and proliferation of the synovial lining, leading to destructive changes within the synovial-lined joints [2], especially if left untreated. Patients suffering from RA, usually complain about pain and swelling of the affected joints as well as morning stiffness in and around the joints, lasting at least 1 hour before maximal improvement [3]. 25 Apr, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-5-112.php Introduction: The Homo sapiens has one of the most amazing characteristic, adaptability. And when adaptability comes to mind, exercising is just by side. Exercising brings many benefits for our body and it is the greater stimulus to trigger musculoskeletal adaptation, starting at mitochondrial level (i.e. biogenesis) to muscular level (i.e. hypertrophy). Mainly when the exercise is of high performance or strenuous, the athlete need a time to recover from fatigue, muscular damage, over-increase of muscular inflammation series of muscle and to prevent overtraining syndrome. Following the concept of “Evidence Based Practice” that is use the best available evidence in clinical decisions, what should be the methods that really have efficacy to prevent or reduce muscle damage, muscle biochemical markers of inflammation and recover? The aim of this article is to search in the PubMed database about what can help our patients/athletes to recover faster, to avoid or to reduce muscle damage and inflammation. 07 Apr, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-5-111.php The outbreak of yet another epidemic (now COVID-19 pandemic) caused by SARS-CoV-2, has reminded the scientific community and, more importantly, the world that in spite of all the financial and human resource investment in vaccine development against major diseases, the success rate has not been satisfactory. Accordingly, we must take extraordinary measures to try and contain the spread of this disease and find efficacious treatment options; the generation of prophylactic/therapeutic vaccines may resolve these objectives. 26 Mar, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-5-110.php The aims of this study were to determine the phenolic profile of three Argentinean wine varieties and their antioxidant, antihypertensive and antibacterial activities. Gallic acid, quercetin and rutin were the principal phenolic compounds identified in wines. All wines possess a high antihypertensive and antioxidant activities. Among 3 wines, merlot and malbec possess the higher ferric reducing power and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Lower ferric reduced power and radical scavenging values were found in clarified wines. High correlation coefficients were found between phenolic content and antioxidant and antihypertensive capacities, confirming that phenolic compounds are likely the responsible for these activities in wines. The inhibition of biofilm formation and MIC and MBC values of wines polyphenols against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and L. monocytogenes was demonstrated. The higher antibacterial, antioxidant and ACEI activities of merlot and malbec wines compared with cabernet sauvignon could be related to the higher concentration of individual phenolic compounds, such as quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, caffeic acid and gallic acids in malbec and merlot wines. 16 Jul, 2019 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-4-109.php Background: Headache is one of the deliberating disease affecting all most all population around the globe. There are classifi ed according to ICH guidelines and well explained with three hypotheses. Management includes both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. In female, period between menarche and menopause is bonded with frequent headache due to hormonal fl uctuations which can be managed with couple of medications and lifestyle modifi cations. 12 Jul, 2019 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-4-108.php How can the FDA actually do its job, if the information reported to the FDA does not correctly report how these drugs work, including the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of these medications to the FDA? Isn’t the FDA dependent upon Big Pharma to update the FDA and Physicians, Hospitals,Insurance Companies including CMS and patients, regarding all facts and information known about a drug? It is unconscionable to state, “Defi nitive human studies to demonstrate possible redistribution have not been reported.” when there has been several diagnostic studies [1-38] published showing the redistribution of these drugs. 26 Oct, 2018 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-3-107.php Liposomes, sphere-shaped vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers, were fi rst described in the mid-60s. Nowadays, they are a very useful reproduction, reagent, and device in various scientifi c disciplines, including medicine, chemistry, biochemistry, colloid science, biology, physics, biophysics, mathematics and theoretical. 18 Oct, 2018 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-3-106.pdf A clinical syndrome of inadequate tissue perfusion, shock results in a decreased supply of oxygen and nutrients to cells. The body responds initially by activating numerous compensatory mechanisms to improve cellular perfusion. If these fails, shock leads to widespread cellular necrosis, multiple organ dysfunction and failure, and death. Although there are various types of shock, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, and septic, the final common pathway in all types of shock is impaired cellular metabolism. Traumatic hypovolemic shock related to Depression Scale (SDS) was designed as a short simple way of quantifying the severity of depression with psychological and physiological & psychological symptoms. SDS is not only a reliable test for clinical and research use but it is also easy to apply in various samples. In this majority of thing that who suffering with hypovolemic shock their eminence depression is higher reading on scale. That shows severe heart blockade on human being. This measure is considered both valid and reliable in various clinical and community settings and also has shown acceptable reliability in people. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-2-105.php The Society is a form of charity which will have a task to advance and encourage the entire spectrum of Pharmacology and may leads the way in research and appliance of Pharmacology throughout the world. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-2-104.php Introduction: Medicaments are the ultimate choice of treatment when lifestyle and diet changes are unable to serve the preventive strategy for cardiovascular diseases. Contradictorily, detrimental Drug–Drug Interactions (DDI) between cardiovascular drugs with the non-cardiovascular drugs may lead to alterations in the therapeutic responses, and pose a grave health concern leading to early morbidity and mortality. 24 Nov, 2016 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-2-103.php Background: Use of drugs of Complementary & Alternative System of Medicine (CAM) is believed to be common. However, data on its prevalence is not known. Similarly, in patients with chronic diseases (e.g. chronic pain), there is no information about its usage. Additionally, it is believed that those who are not being relieved/satisfied with drugs of mainstream medicine usually use drugs of CAM. 04 Sep, 2015 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/OJPP-1-102.php Nanoparticles are defined as structures in nanometric range - often smaller than 100 nm [1-4]. These particles can be made of sundry materials, the most common being metals, metal oxides, silicates, polymers, carbon, lipids and biomolecules. In addition, they can assume different shapes such as spheres, cylinders, platelets, tubes, etc. 24 Jul, 2015 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/Clinical-Pharmacology-Clinical-Pharmacokinetics/PJCPCP-1-101.php Animal experimentation was successfully taken an important part of the curriculum of the students of medicine, pharmacy, nursing, dentistry, veterinary, and even to basic sciences like life sciences, zoology etc . The objective of the animal experiments was to develop skills for performing in-vivo experiments and to correlate the findings with theoretical concepts as well as in vitro results with prior permission to Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). However by considering the seriousness of declining of wild life, the University Grant Commission (UGC) decided to stop the animal experimentation for both the under and post graduate levels and noticed accordingly [11. University Grant Commission Notification on July 2014. [No.F.14-6/2014 (CPP-II)] Subject: Dissection and Animal experimentation in Zoology/Life Sciences and Allied Disciplines in undergraduate, post graduate and research program.].