https://www.pharmascigroup.us/journals/international-journal-of-pharmaceutical-sciences-and-developmental-research A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 31 Jan, 2026 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-12-158.php Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is an effective physical method for metabolite fingerprinting, which involves the simultaneous and extensive analysis of a wide variety of compounds. The main disadvantage of the method, which hinders the progress of NMR metabolomics, is the need for manual processing of complex NMR spectra of biological samples. To automate the identification of metabolites in spectra, it is necessary to determine the parameters of the spin system of the main metabolites found in the samples under study. To address this issue, we propose an optimization algorithm that autonomously optimizes all relevant spin system parameters. The algorithm’s successful operation has been demonstrated on molecules of the most common amino acids found in NMR spectra of biological samples. The developed algorithm produced a proline spin-spin coupling matrix that, when evaluated by the Intersection-over-Union metric, showed better consistency with five experimental NMR spectra than literature matrices. 14 Oct, 2025 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-11-157.php Pharmacovigilance (PV), often called Drug Safety, is the science and activity relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. While researchers grab headlines for developing new drugs, PV professionals are the quiet heroes who ensure those treatments remain safe for the millions of people who use them every day. This article serves as an accessible guide to careers in this vital field, detailing the essential job roles, the necessary skills required, and the educational pathways to enter a rewarding profession dedicated entirely to patient health and safety. 26 Aug, 2025 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-11-156.php Rhazya stricta Decne is an evergreen dwarf shrub belonging to the Apocynaceae family. The plant is widely distributed in the Middle East and the Indian sub-continent. The plant has a long history of use in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases, including cancer. The extracts of the plant are prescribed for the treatment of various disorders such as diabetes, sore throat, helminthiasis, inflammatory conditions, fever, and chronic rheumatism in the areas where it grows. The extracts of plants possess radical scavenging activities and have shown antioxidant activities in a variety of bioassays, including animal models. The plant-extract-based nanoparticles also exhibited antioxidant activity. A detailed account of the antioxidant activity of the extracts of the plant is presented. 08 Jan, 2025 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-11-155.php Sacred since Antiquity for its virtues, the use of Rosemary has continued through the ages as an aromatic and medicinal plant. Today, it is an interesting alternative to environmental issues in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics. Rosemary, native to the Mediterranean basin, is a branchy, bushy evergreen shrub with persistent leaves. In this review we have established a monograph on Salvia Rosmarinus, that is the botanical description, the taxonomic classification, its origin and distribution, and their benefits, and the chemical constituents of the essential oil. 03 Sep, 2024 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-10-154.php Purpose: The research work aims to carry out the acquisition of phytoextracts from green tea leaves, hop cones, and horse chestnut seeds with the participation of various extraction methods for the future preparation of phytosomal gel in the treatment of couperosis, to study their technological and physico-chemical properties. Methods: In the scientific research laboratory of the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology of the Azerbaijan Medical University, a phytocomposition was developed in 5 variants from green tea leaves, hop cones, and horse chestnut seeds in different proportions. Phytoextract was obtained from compositions prepared by maceration and high-speed extraction methods. 70% ethyl alcohol was used as an extractant in the research work. The extraction process was performed twice for each composition. Results: Researches were performed with a high-speed extraction method (High-Speed Dispersator- STEGLER DG-360, 26-28 °C, 50Hs, 2800-28000 cycles/min). The extraction time was 7 minutes in the 1st stage, 3 minutes in the 2nd stage, temperature 26 °C, frequency 50 Hz, power 360 W, 3300 cycles/min. Extracts were also obtained by the maceration method in a cone-shaped glass macerator for 3 days. Physico-chemical properties of extracts (organoleptic properties, dry residue, density, pH, amount of heavy metals) were studied. According to the results of the research, the amount of extractive substances obtained in the Stegler DG 360 model device - a high-speed homogenizer was higher. During the comparative studies conducted with phytocompositions, compositions No. 3 and 5 showed more different results according to the relevant criteria. 05 Jul, 2024 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-10-153.php Dissolution testing plays an important role in pharmaceutical development due to its ability to provide critical insight into in vivo performance. Dissolution testing during routine pharmaceutical development can ensure batch-to-batch consistency and helps to ensure that the commercial batches are of representative quality to that of studied in the pivotal clinical studies. For comparing the dissolution profiles, there are multitude of approaches suggested by various regulatory agencies that consist of model independent and dependent approaches. The present review aims to summarize the current understanding of dissolution profile similarity approaches. Dissolution profile comparison approaches suggested by various regulatory agencies were compared and contrasted. Further, detailed procedural aspects were provided for the determination of similarity using model independent and dependent approaches. Model independent approaches such as f2 bootstrap, and Multivariate Statistical Distance (MSD) were portrayed from a practical perspective. Advanced tools such as Bias-Corrected and accelerated (BCa) for f2 bootstrap were discussed in depth. Further, model dependent approaches such as zero order, and Weibull models were discussed from realistic scenarios. Finally, the utility of modeling and simulation approaches such as physiologically based pharmacokinetics model (PBPK) and physiologically based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM) were discussed in the context of their ability and potential to supersede traditional dissolution dissimilarity. Overall, this article acts as a ready-to-use guide for pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics scientists for effective methodologies for dissolution profile comparison for internal decision-making and regulatory justifications. 24 Apr, 2024 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-10-152.php Diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and hypertension are risk factors for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). About 17.3 million deaths worldwide were due to CVDs in 2013 and is anticipated to be 23.3 million by 2030. Common therapies for CVDs are associated with wide side effects. Thus, herbal medicines have been regarded more due to fewer side effects, availability, cultural beliefs, and being cheap. For thousands of years, herbal medicine has been used for bacterial infections, colds, coughs, and CVDs. Cinnamon bark contains phenolic compounds such as cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid with protective properties that can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cardiac ischemia and hypertrophy, and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, cinnamon has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and exhibits beneficial effects on the complications of diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension which cause CVDs. Although the protective effects of cinnamon on the heart have been reported in many studies, it needs more clinical studies to prove the pharmaceutical and therapeutic efficacy of cinnamon on risk factors of CVDs. This review explains the protective effects of bioactive compounds of cinnamon on the cardiovascular system. 18 Apr, 2024 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-10-151.php Introduction: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)-related Vertebral Osteomyelitis (VO) is a rare disease with challenging diagnosis and management. NTM-caused disease more often develops in vulnerable populations, affecting individuals who are immunocompromised or who have underlying health conditions. Methods: We report a case of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. Bolletti-associated VO in a 60-year-old immunocompetent female patient. Results: The patient presented with chronic back pain and paresis of the legs. She underwent surgery - partial resection of L4 and L5 vertebral bodies, and vertebroplasty with allograft. Culture for Mycobacterium abscessus subspace Bolletti was positive from operation material, and treatment with multiagent antibacterial therapy was started. After 2 months of treatment, an asymptomatic m.psoas abscess was identified on control imaging. Repeated surgery with abscess drainage was applied, and treatment of M.abscessus infection was continued. After a 12-month course of treatment, the patient recovered successfully and could walk without support. During treatment, she experienced a lot of drug side effects including peripheral neuropathy. Conclusion: Sampling for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTM should be always considered in both, immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients presenting with clinical symptoms and imaging findings consistent with VO. 26 Mar, 2024 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-10-150.php For the estimation of ethamsylate in pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms an accurate, simple, efficient spectrophotometric method was developed and validated. It showed absorption maxima at 300 nm with distilled water. According to ICH guidelines, the method was validated concerning specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. Ethamsylate’s linearity and range were found to be 5 to 50 μg/ml, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The analysis's findings were verified statistically and estimation of ethamsylate was done in marketed formulation. 28 Sep, 2023 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-9-149.php The flow of the inhalation procedure during inhalation therapy can be divided into three successive stages: a pre-inhalation preparatory stage, a drug inhalation stage, and a post-inhalation stage. Among these, the second stage, drug inhalation, is the most important and obscure. Using ambiguous verbal expression, the drug inhalation method is communicated to the patient using terms such as strongly, deeply, and slowly. Patients usually determine their optimal method of drug inhalation device independently, based on their own interpretation and understanding of the verbal instructions. This may make the precise inhalation using an inhalation device unpredictable. The Tokico Inhalation Monitor TM (TIM) was developed to resolve the unpredictability of this second (drug inhalation) stage. The TIM can simultaneously measure the inhalation flow rate, duration, and total volume, and display them on the screen in real-time. This mini-review demonstrates the effects of inhalation instruction using TIM, which allows the second stage of therapy, drug inhalation, to be displayed on a screen in real-time. 26 Sep, 2023 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-9-148.php Analysis of the monosaccharide composition showed that the composition of the neutral polysaccharide BSP-1-1 is represented by monosaccharides in the following composition: ribose – 5.05%, arabinose – 56.38%, mannose – 5.87%, glucose – 8.63% and galactose – 24.05%. The composition of the anionic polysaccharide BSP-2-1 is represented by monosaccharides: ribose – 6.35%, arabinose – 60.15%, mannose – 7.19%, glucose – 4.12% and galactose – 22.16%. It was determined that the isolated polysaccharides consist mainly of arabinose (BSP-1-1 – 56.3%, BSP-2-1 – 60%) and galactose (BSP-1-1 – 24%, BSP-2-1 – 22%). Based on the data obtained, it can be assumed that the studied polysaccharides from the seeds of the turnip Brassica rapa belong to the type of arabinogalactans. According to the results of studying the properties of acute toxicity of the BSP polysaccharide from the seeds of the turnip Brassica rapa, it was found that this substance belongs to class V compounds - practically non-toxic substances. With intragastric administration of inulin at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg and BSP polysaccharide from the seeds of the turnip Brassica rapa at doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg 14 days after the induction of diabetes mellitus, the indicator was close to that of the intact group of animals (intact - 3.07 ± 0.25, inulin 2.99 - 3.14 ± 0.23, and BSP polysaccharide from the seeds of the turnip Brassica rapa 2.53-3.14 ± 0.20), while the indicator of the control group was - 8.40 ± 0.35. This study will provide an opportunity to plan and conduct studies to study the action of substances in the metabolism of glucose and lipids, which examines the enzymes that regulate the lipid activity of the liver, as well as the morphology of the liver and adipose tissue. 02 Sep, 2023 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-9-147.php The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is increasing and is closely linked to numerous negative pregnancy outcomes. To mitigate these risks, early identification and management of GDM is critical. Treatment for GDM aims to maintain normal blood sugar levels and typically includes glucose monitoring, adjustments to diet, lifestyle changes, moderate physical activity, and medication as necessary. Insulin administration is generally the preferred choice for pharmacotherapy, but oral drugs such as metformin or glyburide may also be appropriate. Compared to glyburide, which has been linked to higher birth weight, neonatal hypoglycemia, raising the risk of shoulder dystocia, and necessitating a caesarean delivery, metformin is seen to be a safe first-line therapy. It should be emphasized that some expecting mothers choose complementary and alternative therapies, such as traditional herbal supplements and treatments. This review article will address present pharmacological options and considerations associated with treating GDM. 24 May, 2023 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-9-146.php Dasatinib is a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in disease states associated with BCR/ABL 1, approved in 2006 for chronic myeloid leukemia treatment. This agent has been shown to exhibit broad off-target kinase inhibition and immunomodulating properties. These effects may be responsible for common adverse reactions (> 15%) which include immunosuppression, cytopenias, pleural effusion and other fluid retention, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal side effects. Although gastrointestinal bleeding is a well-documented side effect, the presentation of colitis is an uncommon occurrence. In most cases, it is hemorrhagic colitis, nonspecific colitis, or CMV-related colitis. We report a 34-year-old male patient affected by CML in treatment with Dasatinib for approximately 1 year, who reported chronic diarrhea which progressed to suspected Dasatinib-induced colitis whose clinical, endoscopic, and histological findings overlapped those of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 18 Feb, 2023 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-9-145.php Background: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction, which is thought to contribute to compromised diastolic function, ultimately culminating in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, and no early diagnostics are available. We sought to gain insight into biomarkers and potential mechanisms of microvascular dysfunction in obese mice (db/db) and lean rats (Goto-Kakizaki) pre-clinical models of T2D-associated diastolic dysfunction. Methods: The microRNA (miRNA) content of circulating Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) was assessed in T2D models to identify biomarkers of coronary microvascular dysfunction/rarefaction. The potential source of circulating EV-encapsulated miRNAs was determined, and the mechanisms of induction and the function of candidate miRNAs were assessed in Endothelial Cells (ECs). Results: We found an increase in miR-30d-5p and miR-30e-5p in circulating EVs that coincided with indices of coronary microvascular EC dysfunction (i.e., markers of oxidative stress, DNA damage/senescence) and rarefaction, and preceded echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction. These miRNAs may serve as biomarkers of coronary microvascular dysfunction as they are upregulated in ECs of the left ventricle of the heart, but not other organs, in db/db mice. Furthermore, the miR-30 family is secreted in EVs from senescent ECs in culture, and ECs with senescent-like characteristics are present in the db/db heart. Assessment of miR-30 target pathways revealed a network of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism. Over-expression of miR-30e in cultured ECs increased fatty acid β-oxidation and the production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation while inhibiting the miR-30 family decreased fatty acid β-oxidation. Additionally, miR-30e over-expression synergized with fatty acid exposure to down-regulate the expression of eNOS, a key regulator of microvascular and cardiomyocyte function. Finally, the knock-down of the miR-30 family in db/db mice decreased markers of oxidative stress and DNA damage/senescence in the microvascular endothelium. Conclusion: MiR-30d/e represents early biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets that are indicative of the development of diastolic dysfunction and may reflect altered EC fatty acid metabolism and microvascular dysfunction in the diabetic heart. 30 Nov, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-8-144.php Cookies are the most popular bakery food consumed worldwide. The development of reduced-sugar soft cookies by using Finger Millet, Syzygium cumini L. (Jamun) and stevia extract was investigated. In addition to it, Buttermilk powder was used as a bulking agent to improve the flavor, color and texture of the cookies along with other ingredients like flour, margarine, salt, sodium bicarbonate, and water. The creamery method of production was used for cookie preparation. Amounts of water, stevia, and buttermilk powder and baking duration for each formulation were determined by preliminary experiments. Different formulations use different ratios to find out the best composition for cookies on the basis of palatability. After the selection of the best composition, cookies were prepared for the physiochemical, sensory and nutritional analysis. Sensory analysis was evaluated based on organoleptic properties: color, taste, aroma and overall acceptability on the basis of a 9-point hedonic scale. The physiochemical evaluation included total ash value, total water, and alcoholic extraction, and total moisture content. On the basis of nutritional value comparison, it was found that protein content is higher in our formulation than in other marketed products. Due to the high antioxidant potential and phenolic content of the Finger Millet cookie, it can be used as a therapeutic or functional food source for the treatment of overweight, obesity, and diabetes. 14 Oct, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-8-143.php Considering that nanosilver-based materials have shown to have a novel, demanding, and promising properties appropriate for a variety of biological applications, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have evolved into one of the most researched and examined nanostructures created from nanotechnology in recent years. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been the subject of research due to their special characteristics, and they have considerable interest in medical applications such as highly excellent antimicrobial agents even without toxic effects, and industrial applications such as inkjet inks comprising well-unified dispersions of nano-sized silver particles that are useful for creating electronic circuits. Due to the remarkable activities shown by silver nanoparticles, they have been the focus of many researchers for developing new medications with less toxic effects. In this study, we have highlighted some entitled applications of silver nanoparticles. This review will be helpful for the researchers working on silver nanoparticles. 09 Sep, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-8-142.php The development of rapid, sensitive and specific methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens is important to ensure food safety. Currently, detection methods such as counting methods, immunoassays, and biosensors have been developed for detecting foodborne pathogenic bacteria, and impedance sensors combined with microfluidic technology have received extensive attention. This paper outlines the advances and applications of microfluidic impedance biosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogens. And reviews the current advances in microfluidic impedance sensors based on transducer materials and detection techniques, including detection technology based on interdigitated microarrays electrode, electrophoresis technology, nanotechnology, etc. Finally, the challenges and development trends of current microfluidic impedance sensors are discussed. 29 Aug, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-8-141.php Background: The world population's full immunization with vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is still challenging. Therefore, more research must be needed to find an active antiviral drug against the virus, including new mutated strains. Results: Therefore, this research analyzes 35 natural compounds isolated from various plants against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) using an in silico strategy. According to the results, it was possible to identify promising molecules using a molecular docking strategy. Furthermore, the results showed that the interaction of these molecules with protease-specific residues, including (2S)-Eriodictyol 7-O-(6''-O-galloyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (Trp207, Ser284, and Glu288), Hypericin (Glu166, Arg188, and Thr190), Calceolarioside B (Gly143, Ser144, Cys145, Glu166, Arg188, and Gln192), Epicatechin (Ser144, His163, and Leu167) and Myricitrin (Thr190) with ΔG was -8.5, -9.6, -8.5, -9.3 and -9.3 kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, analyzing all compounds for their ADME properties shows that compounds present an excellent pharmacokinetic profile. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that these major natural compounds can be considered potential inhibitors of Mpro and should be further explored in vitro and in vivo in accordance with our data. 27 Aug, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-8-140.php Acute diverticulitis is a painful, relatively sudden condition, characterized by the presence of low-grade inflammation in the colonic mucosa. Recent clinical trials supported the use of nutraceutical compounds in the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal disorders, including diverticulitis. To verify the hypothesis that nutraceutical ingredients my prevent diverticulitis development, we tested a combination of different natural active supplements, in a mouse model of acute intestinal inflammation. A nutraceutical formulation was administered daily in a prevention setting, by intrarectal enema. Inflammation severity was monitored using a Disease Activity Index (DAI) score, histological and endoscopic analysis, and quantification of Fecal Calprotectin (FC). Results showed that a combination of cranberry juice, pomegranate extract fruit in ellagic acid and inulin Fibruline®, prevented the development of experimental acute intestinal inflammation. This was confirmed endoscopically, in terms of reduced colon thickness and granularity of mucosal surface. Results were also confirmed histologically, not only by significant reduction of ulcerations, compared to control groups, but also by significant prevention of flogosis and inflammatory infiltration. Nutraceutical ingredients were also able to significantly reduce FC levels, confirming the anti-inflammatory properties of these dietary supplements. Our study supports the potential use of nutraceutical ingredients as a novel therapeutic approach to prevent acute diverticulitis. 03 Aug, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-8-139.php The appearance of antifungal resistance promotes the investigation of therapeutic options. There are few studies on the combined effect of antifungal drugs and essential oils (EOs). In the present work, regarding the association of eight EOs Andean plants with antifungal agents against a panel of fungi strains. Combinatorial effects were determined using the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) and Dose Reduction Index (DRI). A combination of A. cryptantha-B EO with fluconazole showed a synergistic effect against C. Albicans (FIC = 0.31 and DRI = 16.25). EOs from A. cryptantha-A and L. integrifolia showed an additive effect (FICI = 0.75) against C. neoformans. A combination of EOs from A. seriphioides and A. cryptantha-A with terbinafine showed an additive effect on T. rubrum (FIC = 0.56; DRI = 16) and M. gypseum (FICI = 1.03; DRI = 32). In conclusion, combinations between EOs of species from Andean plants and commercial antifungal drugs yielded some interesting findings, as potential antifungal strategies used for treating infections associated with C. Albicans and T. rubrum. 25 May, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-8-138.php Background: Moringa stenopetala leaves have long been used to treat diabetes, hypertension, respiratory problems, and other diseases. The herbal formulation of Moringa stenopetala and Mentha spicata leaves was found to be more effective in lowering high blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Unlike its pharmacological properties, the long-term safety profile of this herbal formulation has not been investigated yet. Thus, this study investigated the long-term (chronic) oral toxicity of herbal tea of M. stenopetala and M. spicata leaves blended in rats. Methods: Wistar albino rats were randomly distributed into four groups (n = 10/sex/group), and then randomly assigned to a control group and three test groups. The control group (G I) received distilled water. The test groups (G II-IV) received 559.36, 1118.72, and 2237.44 mg/kg of herbal tea of M. stenopetala and M. spicata leaves blend respectively, for 360 consecutive days. During the treatment period, in-life parameters (mortality, clinical symptoms, body weight, and food intake) were evaluated. On the 361st day, hematological, serum biochemical, gross morphological, and histological parameters were investigated. Results: Throughout the 360-day treatment period, no herbal tea-related deaths, severe clinical symptoms, loss of body weight, or food intake were seen in any of the treated groups. Bodyweight, food consumption, organ weight, hematological, and serum biochemical findings showed no significant differences between the control and treated groups in both sexes. Macro-pathological and histopathological examinations of the major organs (liver, kidney, heart, pancreas, stomach, and spleen) revealed no herbal tea-related pathologic alterations. Conclusion: The findings indicate that long-term (360-days) oral administration of the herbal tea of M. stenopetala and M. spicata leaves blend is well tolerated by rats. Hence, it would be safe/low toxic up to a dose of 2237.44 mg/kg/day in chronic exposure. 08 Mar, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-8-137.php Background: Pharyngeal and respiratory infections due to bacteria are global concerns especially because of the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains. The Oropharynx is one of the regions of the human body that is heavily colonized by microbial flora. So, the Oropharyngeal carriage is a major risk factor for an invasion and developing the disease. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the carriage rate of potential pathogenic Oropharyngeal bacteria, associated risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among febrile patients at AHMC. Methods: A Cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019. A systematic random technique was implemented to collect Oropharyngeal samples from 253 selected febrile patients. Specimen collection and processing were done following standard bacteriological procedures in Adama Public Health, Research, and Referral Laboratory. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the disk diffusion method in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institutes guideline. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.  Results: Overall oropharyngeal bacteria carriage rate was 75.1%. A total of 190 bacterial organisms were isolated with 96 Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CNS), 55 Streptococcus pyogenes, and 19 Staphylococcus aureus were dominant isolates among gram-positive. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Escherichia coli were among gram-negative bacteria isolates. Living in urban, cigarette smoking, and poor oral hygiene was significantly associated with the Oropharyngeal bacterial carriage rate. The majority of CNS, S.aureus, and S. pyogenes were resistant to different classes of antibiotics. Conclusion: Potentially pathogenic Oropharyngeal bacterial colonization rate was high. Place of living and behavioral factors are risk factors that were associated with bacterial colonization of the oropharynx. Several bacterial isolates were resistant to frequently prescribed antibiotic classes. Therefore, determining the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates is important to intervene and prevent the risk of infection and also the emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains and disease management. 19 Jan, 2022 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-8-136.php Injectable formulations are constantly facing continuing challenges of glass compatibility. To assure glass compatibility of the injectable formulation in the area of current interest. Most of the common and serious challenges of glass compatibility are glass delamination. Glass delamination is basically the degradation of the glass and formation of the flakes as a result of the incompatibility with the product stored. The other factors which contribute to glass delamination are the Type of glass container used, Storage condition, and Pharmaceutical Processings like terminal sterilization. Glass delamination should be taken very seriously as it is when present in the formulations it is directly related to the health of the patient. This review describes the Factors responsible for the glass delamination and its effect on patient health and the quality control analysis techniques of the same. 24 Dec, 2021 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-7-135.php Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), a highly heterogeneous and invasive subtype of breast cancer, do not benefit from hormonal therapy or trastuzumab; therefore, chemotherapy is considered the only option. We explored the effect of the chemotherapeutic drug cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan; Cy) on TNBC by an integrated bioinformatics approach. Methods: Pharm Mapper, Gene Cards, and Swiss Target Prediction were used to identify potential targets of Cy. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TNBC were screened out from four GEO datasets. Common genes were further evaluated by a protein-protein interaction network analysis, core gene identification, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, docking assays, and survival and immune cell infiltration analyses. Results: We collected information on 1638 drug targets and 494 DEGs in TNBC, including 267 up-regulated and 227 down-regulated genes. In total, 68 overlapping genes were identified as common targets. Ten core genes were identified in network analysis; GO and KEGG analyses revealed enrichment for DNA damage and many signaling pathways. Four core gene targets were verified by molecular docking. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that two core genes were significantly related to an adverse overall survival; furthermore, immune infiltration analysis suggested that Cy affects the microenvironment. Conclusions: Our integrative bioinformatics approach revealed that the anti-TNBC effect of Cy was mediated by DNA damage-related genes and many pathways. These findings provide a basis for further functional studies aimed at improving outcomes in TNBC. 10 Aug, 2021 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-7-134.php Pentoxifylline a derivative of methylxanthine and nonspecific inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase with vasodilatory properties and rheological properties on blood that made it useful in the treatment of intermittent claudication. Pentoxifylline also has an immunomodulatory effect which inhibits inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The aim of this paper is to review the uses of pentoxifylline in male reproduction abnormalities. 09 Mar, 2021 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-7-133.php Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) belongs to the class of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), having an analgesic, antipyretic and mild anti-inflammatory action due to a weak inhibitory action on cyclooxygenase isoenzymes, COX-1 and COX-2. These isoenzymes are responsible for the synthesis of prostanoids that have several physiological effects, such as: vasodilation; increased renal blood flow; stimulation of gastric protective mucus production; inhibition of gastric acid secretion responsible for reducing acidity in gastric tissue, among other effects. Despite its beneficial effects, the excessive use of NSAIDs is related to several adverse effects, which can alter the homeostasis of the cardiovascular, renal and gastric system [1]. 23 Sep, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-6-132.php Introduction : Alcohol consumption is an important contributor to the global burden of different disease such as stroke, sleep apnea, pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, CAD and so on. Urban populations are having greater risk of getting the alcohol induced disease. Objective: A cross sectional study of alcohol consumption associated with risk of different disease. To inspect the correlation between alcohol intake and risk on different disease in men and women based on their age group and which leads to other diseased condition. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional survey was conducted involving 100 adults at 18 years of age or above who were recruited with cluster random sampling. Demographic data and risk factors were determined by taking history, physical examination and laboratory test. Result: Studies shows that alcohol consumption increases the risk factor for those diseased condition i.e., it increases the risk on stroke, hypertension, coronary artery disease, Type 2 diabetes, life style. Results from our quantitative meta analysis showed that drinkers with average intake of less than 30 g/day and no episodic heavy drinking had a lowest risk on above complication. Discussion: Comparing to the present study with the former research the prevalence of a number of risk factors can be seen in the present research. We found out different statistical pattern. Conclusion: These findings indicate that alcohol consumption from mild to moderate intake is a risk factor for different diseases. 16 Sep, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-6-131.php Creatinine assay is used mainly to monitor kidney function and for sample validity when testing for drugs of abuse. Creatinine alkaline picrate method based on Jaffe’s reaction calls for extra cleaning procedures to minimize interference from picric acid and sodium hydroxide. Thermo Fisher enzymatic method is more sensitive and specific when compared to alkaline picrate method, but there were no available analytical parameters to setup this enzymatic method on open chemistry analyses platform such as Beckman-Coulter AU5800 analyser. Specific analytical parameters were developed and the assay performance is evaluated against the alkaline picrate method. We successfully set up analytical parameters on Beckman-Coulter AU5800, as an example of open system analyser, and evaluated its performance against Thermo Fisher Jaffe’s reaction method. The weighted Deming regression analysis for 408 samples showed a good correlation at a 95% confidence interval. Slope is 1.065 to 1.091, Y-intercept when X=0.0 is -0.9377 to -0.5443 and correlation coefficient (r) is 0.993. The alkaline picrate method Mean and SD for tested samples are 13.2877 and 7.414 respectively and for the enzymatic method are 13.5823 and 7.987 respectively. Many interferences from drugs and other substances are eliminated when using the enzymatic method and the stability of other reagents on-board improved because the reagents used in the enzymatic method are less invasive. 29 Jun, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-6-130.php The mucoadhesive microballons prepared by using combination of Poly Acrylic Acid (PAA), Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) polymers by polymer-polymer combination with solvent diffusion method. It is managing the discharge rate of Nizatidine between therapeutic absorption windows by extended the gastric emptying time of formulation. The delivery systems make certain accessibility of drug content at the assimilation site for the preferred period of time. The present work was justified effect of various parameters as polymer (PAA-PVP) concentration, drug concentration, internal phase/external phase ratio, surfactant concentration, stirring speed, stirring time. PAA-PVP polymeric combinations microballons were prepared by solvent dispersion technique. The effect of internal/external phase ratio on preparation of microballons shows that content of water in the internal phase played a key role in the formation of microballons. The particle size found to be decreased upon increasing the concentration of surfactant (span 80) in oil phase. This might be due to the increase the surface tension of aqueous phase which ultimately seem to allow the formation of micro size range. The present work confirmed that any criteria can be effect the result of the shape, size and size distribution, entire medication load of microballons. 03 Jun, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-6-129.php Introduction: A field of bioscience analysis that uses High throughput (HT) technologies to identify the products of metabolism formed in the cell metabolic processes (i.e. the metabolome). This process is termed metabolomics.The first NMR based metabolic studies were carried out by Wilson and Burlingame in the year 1974. Nuclear magnetic spectroscopy is one technique using which one can identify and characterize the metabolites formed due to metabolism. Methodology: The NMR workflow is as follows: 03 Jun, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-6-128.php This minireview contains a compendium of bacteriocin or bacteriocin-like proteins produced from Brevibacillus laterosporus that can inhibit the growth of drug resistant bacteria. A good number of bacterial secondary metabolites/ bacteriocin/ bacteriocin-like proteins are reported to have anti-drug resistant bacteria activity or anti-cancer activity comparable to the existing chemical synthesis antimicrobial drugs or sometimes even better. Information regarding the mode of action of bacteriocin leads to insight into their activity relationship and potency. A further well defined strategy is required to exploit these active molecules used as anti-drug resistant bacteria drugs. 05 May, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-6-127.php The definition of nanotechnology is not yet a consensus in the scientific community. Among the most widespread concepts, it can be defined as the science that studies nanoscale materials (1 to 1000 nm) involving areas such as materials engineering, energy, biotechnology, physics and pharmacy, among others [1]. It is based on the development of nanostructures, providing revolutionary applications in various sciences [2]. Among the applications of nanotechnology is the pharmaceutical nanotechnology, a developed expertise mainly by pharmacists, engineers and biotechnologists. Regarding to pharmaceutical nanotechnology, it is based on the life sciences, which allows the development of nanostructures capable of promoting innovative drug delivery systems as therapeutic alternatives to various pathologies, as well as biosensors of nanomaterials to perform advanced diagnostics. 17 Apr, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-6-126.php Adherence to chronic therapies among population living in developed countries has been estimated about 50% [1]. This is a matter of concern, since poor adherence is associated with suboptimal clinical outcomes, increased frequency of adverse effects and high healthcare expenses [2]. 21 Mar, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-6-125.php The evergreen dark - leaved aromatic dioecious Myristica fragrans Houtt. (1774) is a native tree of Indonesia and is also found in tropical countries like India (Kerala), Malaysia (Penang inland), Taiwan etc. It is popularly known as jaiphal and belongs to the family Myristicaceae. It has spreading branches and a yellow fleshy fruit. The fruits are sources of two valuable spices-nutmeg derived from the fruit and mace obtained from the seed cover. The spices are used in cooking to improve the taste and flavour of delicious dishes. Besides these have many pharmaceutical applications. There is mention of application of jaiphal in folk medicine for various purposes viz. anti-thrombotic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory etc. [1]. 29 Jan, 2020 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-6-124.php A novel simple, accurate, sensitive and economical spectrophotometric method has been established and validated for the determination of esomeprazole and ciprofloxacin. The method is based on the oxidation of the studied drug by a known excess of potassium permanganate, followed by measuring the decrease in absorption (∆A) of KMnO4 in acidic medium at wavelength of 525nm. The detection limit is reported to be 1.01 and 1.06µg/mL showing a high degree of sensitivity. The proposed method was successfully validated according to ICH guidelines for the determination of esomeprazole and ciprofloxacin with a highly precise recovery and very low relative standard deviation. Finally, the method was compared statistically with a reference method showing equal accuracy, reproducibility and no significant difference with the reported one. 31 Dec, 2019 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-5-123.php The nanophotocatalysts; NiO and NiO immobilized on the surface of magnetized polypyrrole (NiO-PPY-Fe3O4) were synthesized and used for photodegradation of phenylephrine. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by FTIR, TG, XRD, BET, VSM, TEM and SEM techniques. 31 Dec, 2019 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-5-122.php Medicinal herbs are getting popularity due to their good compliance on the basis of their ethnic utilization and lesser side effects. Plasma lipids in body include, cholesterol, triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. 24 Jul, 2019 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-5-121.php Mangroves are halophytic species with unique morphological features, habituated in the intermediate zones of coastal area. They had better ecological community and serve as natural barriers. Since ancient times, mangrove forests are considered as the source of drugs, where tradition medicine and several healing practices were derived from the mangrove species. 03 Jan, 2019 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-5-120.php The need of present study hypothesized due to drug has low bioavailability (55%) because of low aques solubility and first pass effect. Nanoparticles were prepared by solvent diffusion method by using different stabilizers such as Tween80, Pluronic F127, Sodium lauryl sulfate, span 80 and Polyvinyl alcohol. 29 Nov, 2018 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-4-119.php Purpose: Compare long-term survival by sex after reperfusion therapies with simultaneous medical therapy of cardiovascular conditions. Methods: AIS patients identified from the population-based register between 01Jan2011 and 31Dec2012 and classified into: 1) AIS + intravenous thrombolysis [group I], 2) AIS + mechanical thrombectomy with or without intravenous thrombolysis [group II], and 3) AIS + medical therapy alone (no reperfusion therapies) [group III]. Follow-up went through up until December 2016. Statistical approaches were employed for analyzing survival outcomes and their relationship with reperfusion therapy. 18 Oct, 2018 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-4-118.php Complications associated with high serum cholesterol levels include hypertension, CCF, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. To compare hypolipidemic potential of herb nigella sativa with allopathy-related hypolipidemic agent Fenofibrate, we conducted this research. It was single blind placebo-controlled study conducted at Ghurki trust teaching hospital, Lahore from February 2017 to July 2017. 75 diagnosed secondary hyperlipidemic patients were selected with age range from 20 to 70 years. Patients suffering from hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, any gastrointestinal upset, renal impairment, and any hepatic or cardiac disease. 27 Jun, 2018 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-4-117.php Purpose: The aim of this study is to improvelow oral bioavailability of sertraline HCl by formulation and characterization ofsolid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system [SNEDDS] using spray drying technique. 15 Jun, 2018 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-4-116.php This review contains a compendium of medicinal plants in Africa that can control or cure tuberculosis. A good number of plant secondary metabolites are reported to have antitubercular activity comparable to the existing antitubercular drugs or sometimes even better. Information regarding the chemistry and pharmacology of plants leads to insight into their structure–activity relationship and potency. A welldefi ned strategy is required to exploit these phytomolecules as antitubercular drugs. 24 Nov, 2017 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-3-115.php Tenidap is a derivative of Flavonoids which are actually plant derivatives, it shows inhibition activity of 5-lipoxygenase. Molecular models were directed to discover molecular docking mode, also to help explain molecular tool behind its inhibitory action 15 Jun, 2017 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-3-114.php Mucilage’s are plant derived natural polymer which are valuable due to their nontoxicity, low cost and nonirritating nature, with wide range of applications. 09 Jun, 2017 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-3-113.php Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic auto inflammatory disease that causes incapacitating changes both the musculoskeletal system and the internal organs [1]. 09 Feb, 2017 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-3-112.php Phytomedicines are believed to have benefi ts over conventional drugs and are regaining interest in current pharmaceutical research. Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose plant used a human food, neutraceutical and alternative for medicinal purpose worldwide. 30 Jan, 2017 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-3-111.php Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem despite the availability of effi cient treatment over the last decades. 23 Jan, 2017 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-3-110.php Background: A great deal of in silico estimation methods were proposed for skin concentration and permeation of drugs by many researchers including us. The aim of the present study was to expand our in silico estimation method of skin concentration to dermally metabolized chemicals. 21 Jan, 2017 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-3-109.php The objective of the present study was to explore inclusion complex of Rutin to improve the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate along with rapid mouth dissolving tablets for oral drug delivery. 23 Dec, 2016 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-2-108.php Introduction: Diabetes is a debilitating disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which is rapidly r eaching endemic proportions throughout the world including Bangladesh. We had previously evaluated the antihyperglycemic potential of methanolic extract of aerial parts of Spilanthes calva and tubers of Colocasia esculenta. 01 Dec, 2016 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-2-107.php Background: Edaravone (Eda) is a free-radical scavenger which is used in treating stroke, cerebral hemorrhage and some other diseases in clinic. However, it’s antioxygenation during development is still unknown. 01 Oct, 2016 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-2-106.php Background: Inflammation and oxidative stress are two pathophysiological mechanisms that link obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabesity. However how levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers differ between patients with obesity, T2DM and diabesity has not been completely elucidated. 01 Apr, 2016 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-2-105.php Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterised by a cluster of metabolic risk factors, which eventually increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of the current study was to investigate medication use in outpatient communities with respect to the occurrence of these metabolic risk factors as defined by ATPIII. 18 Jan, 2016 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-2-104.php Abstract Introduction: Hedyotis diffusa Willd. (Baihuasheshecao) is an ingredient of herbal commonly consumed in China for cancer treatment and health maintenance. In the market, this ingredient is frequently adulterated by the related species Hedyotis corymbosa 31 Aug, 2015 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/articles/IJPSDR-1-103.php Abstract Recent progress in combinatorial drug has led to the generation of a large number of new compounds. microemulsions are versatile systems of great technological and scientific interest to the researchers because of their potential to incorporate a wide range of drug molecules (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) due to the presence of both lipophilic and hydrophilic domains. A micro emulsion is a transparent, thermodynamically stable mixture of two immiscible liquid stabilized by surfactant (or mixture of surfactant). Microemulsions have many advantages for instance, more drug solubility, thermodynamic stability, manufacturing and permeation is easy over conventional formulations that convert them to important drug delivery systems. The design and development of microemulsions aimed at controlling or improving required bioavailability levels of therapeutic agents. Through this review an attempt has been made to focus on several recent developments occurred in the field of microemulsions based applications and which confirms its role as a suitable cargoes for delivery of drugs. In that note, the relevance of this paper and the truncated basic aspects and application on microemulsions are discussed. 23 May, 2015 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/Pharmaceutical-Sciences-Developmental-Research/IJPSDR-1-102.php Background: The efficacy and safety of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) therapy rely on the concentration of its metabolites. The aim of the current study is the pharmacokinetic analysis of 6-MP and the detection of its metabolites as well as the role of Thiopurine S-methyl transferase (TPMT), the enzyme associated with 6-MP metabolism, as a pharmacogenomics biomarker. 16 May, 2015 https://www.pharmascigroup.us/Pharmaceutical-Sciences-Developmental-Research/IJPSDR-1-101.php Editorial Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is 90 kDa highly conserved dimeric chaperone protein in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and it is localized in different parts of the cell. Hsp90AA1 (inducible) and Hsp90AB1 (constitutive) are available in the cytosol; Grp94 and TRAP1 exist in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria; respectively. In unstressed cells, expression level of Hsp90 corresponds to 1-2% of total cellular protein, and Hsp90 is responsible for protein folding, maintenance and degradation of misfolded proteins, cell cycle control, and cellular signaling. Hsp90 is composed of three domains: N terminal domain (NTD), middle domain (MD), and C terminal domain (CTD). Hsp90 needs ATP hydrolysis energy to perform chaperone functions. NTD has ATP binding sites and ATP hydrolysis leads to large conformational changes for interaction between substrate proteins and Hsp90. CTD contains a conserved EEVD motif and the dimerization interface to regulate ATPase process and binding of co-chaperones (i.e. Hop, CHIP) in protein folding process [1-1. Tutar L, Tutar Y (2010) Heat shock proteins; an overview. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 11: 216-222.33. Li J, Soroka J, Buchner J (2012) The Hsp90 chaperone machinery: conformational dynamics and regulation by co-chaperones. Biochim Biophys Acta 1823: 624-635. ].